研究表明，不同的空气污染物对人体健康有不同的影响，而可吸入颗粒尤其是颗粒物细粒子PM2.5是各种空气污染物中对人类健康影响最大的因素。
科学家们对PM2.5的健康危害性的研究正在日益深入。由于PM2.5非常细小，所以具有一些特点，使得它对健康的影响不容忽视：一是非常容易穿过鼻腔的阻挡，并通过气管进入人的肺泡，其中小于100纳米（1纳米等于千分之一微米）的极细粒子甚至能穿过肺部进入血液，并影响到其他器官，包括大脑；二是比表面积（即单位质量颗粒物的总表面积，颗粒越小，它的比表面积就越大）大，能吸附大量的有毒、有害物质，如强致癌性的多环芳烃（一类分子中含有2个以上苯环的化合物，主要由燃料的不完全燃烧而产生）和重金属等，且各种物质在颗粒物表面会发生非常复杂的化学反应；三是在大气中的滞留时间长、输送距离远，因此影响的范围广。
科学家主要通过两种方法研究PM2.5对健康的影响。一个是通过流行病学调查，统计分析PM2.5浓度与死亡率及各种疾病发病率之间的相关性，从而判断它们之间的因果关系；另一个则是通过病理实验，研究PM2.5引起各种疾病的机理。
根据世界卫生组织的评估，可吸入颗粒物是各种空气污染中对人类健康影响最大的因素。在欧盟，PM2.5使得每个欧洲人的预期寿命平均缩短了8.6个月。流行病学研究表明，颗粒物的短期或长期暴露都会对人体健康产生不利影响。颗粒物对健康的影响是多方面的。，但主要影响呼吸系统和心血管系统。颗粒物对人体健康的影响还有一个特点，那就是不存在一个最低的浓度阈值，即低于该浓度的暴露不会引起健康危害。例如，在美国和西欧国家，产生健康危害效应的PM2.5浓度估计只比环境背景高 3～5 微克/立方米。因此从理论上来说，大气颗粒物的浓度越低越好。世界卫生组织制定的空气质量标准，就是基于流行病学的研究结果。
病理学的研究发现，氧化应激及炎症反应是大气污染影响人体健康的关键机制。当人们吸入PM2.5时，呼吸系统会首先受到颗粒物中氧化性化学物质如自由基的刺激，产生炎症反应。进入血液的超细颗粒物会造成血管内皮细胞损伤，也很容易引发炎症反应。随后，炎症反应可能会扩展到全身。在炎症反应中，人体内的血小板增多、活化、凝聚，导致血流变缓，血液的凝固性增加。因此，经常暴露在PM2.5污染环境中，就可能出现动脉粥样硬化，形成血栓，最终导致心肌梗死。PM2.5还会刺激肺部神经，引起神经反射，进而影响到自主神经系统。自主神经系统是不受意识控制的末梢神经系统，又称植物性神经系统，包括交感神经系和副交感神经系，控制着很多重要的生理功能，如心脏搏动、呼吸、血压、消化和新陈代谢等，当它的功能发生紊乱，就会导致心律不齐等症状。PM2.5通过这些机制的共同作用，引起心血管系统的病变。另外，PM2.5中的多环芳烃等物质进入人体后，经过代谢会变成具有极强的致突变性的环氧化物，使人增加患上癌症的风险。
PM2.5来源与化学组分很复杂，毒理学研究显示，不同化学组分的毒性机制和效应有很大差异。除了呼吸系统和心血管系统以外，有证据显示PM2.5还会影响免疫系统、神经系统、生殖系统和遗传等。PM2.5影响人体健康的机制非常复杂，还没有完全研究清楚。
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